International Journal of Research in Teacher Education
ISSN (Print): 1308-951X -

Research article    |    Open Access
International Journal of Research in Teacher Education 2022, Vol. 13(4) 32-43

The Self-Talk Scale: Psychometric Properties in University Students

Ersin Uzman & Bekir Çelik

pp. 32 - 43

Publish Date: December 28, 2022  |   Single/Total View: 166/515   |   Single/Total Download: 224/708

PDF Download

Abstract

This study was aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Self-Talk Scale, which was developed to determine the self-talk frequency of individuals, in a sample of Turkish university students. The data were collected from 332 university students for the analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to verify the four-factor structure of the scale in the examination of the psychometric properties of the scale, and the Cronbach alpha value was calculated to determine the reliability of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis results revealed that the scale had a good fit. The Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was .88.

Keywords: self-talk, inner experience, individual differences, university students

How to Cite this Article?

APA 7th edition
Uzman, E., & Celik, B. (2022). The Self-Talk Scale: Psychometric Properties in University Students. International Journal of Research in Teacher Education, 13(4), 32-43.

Harvard
Uzman, E. and Celik, B. (2022). The Self-Talk Scale: Psychometric Properties in University Students. International Journal of Research in Teacher Education, 13(4), pp. 32-43.

Chicago 16th edition
Uzman, Ersin and Bekir Celik (2022). "The Self-Talk Scale: Psychometric Properties in University Students". International Journal of Research in Teacher Education 13 (4):32-43.

References
  1. Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015). Inner speech: Development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 931-965. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000021 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  2. Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015). Relations among questionnaire and sampling measures of inner speech: a smartphone app study. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(517). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00517 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  3. Alderson-Day, B., McCarthy-Jones, S., Bedford, S., Collins, H., Dunne, H., Rooke, C., & Fernyhough, C. (2014). Shot through with voices: Dissociation mediates the relationship between varieties of inner speech and auditory hallucination proneness. Consciousness and Cognition, 27, 288-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.05.010 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  4. Alderson-Day, B., Mitrenga, K., Wilkinson, S., McCarthy-Jones, S., & Fernyhough, C. (2018). The varieties of inner speech questionnaire–Revised (VISQ-R): Replicating and refining links between inner speech and psychopathology. Consciousness and Cognition, 65, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2018.07.001 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  5. Aydın, G., & Aydın, O. (1990). Otomatik düşünceler ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(24), 51-55. [Google Scholar]
  6. Berk, L. E., & Winsler, A. (1995). Scaffolding children's learning: Vygotsky and early childhood education. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. [Google Scholar]
  7. Brinthaupt, T. M., Hein, M. B., & Kramer, T. E. (2009). The self-talk scale: Development, factor analysis, and validation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 82-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802484498 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  8. Brinthhaupt, T. M., Benson, S. A., Kang, M., & Moore, Z. D. (2015). Assessing the accuracy of self-reported self-talk. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(570), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00570 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  9. Callicott, K. J., & Park, H. (2003). Effects of self-talk on academic engagement and academic responding. Behavioral Disorders, 29(1), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/019874290302900102 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  10. Costa, V. & Sarmento, R. P. (2019). Confirmatory factor analysis – A case study. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.05598 [Google Scholar]
  11. Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adölesanlarda Benlik Saygısı. [Unpublished dissertation], Hacettepe University, Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara. [Google Scholar]
  12. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi. [Google Scholar]
  13. de Dios, M. J., & Montero, I. (2003). The motivational function of private speech: An experimental approach. ERIC Number: ED476288. [Google Scholar]
  14. Depape, A. R., Hakim-Larson, J., Voelker, S., & Jackson, D., L. (2006). Self-talk and emotional intelligence in university students. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. 38(3), 250-260. https://doi.org/10.1037/cjbs2006012 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  15. DeVellis, R.F. (1991). Scale Development: Theory and Applications. Sage, Newbury Park. [Google Scholar]
  16. Galanis, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Comoutos, N., Charachousi, F. & Sanchez, X. (2018) From the lab to the field: effects of self-talk on task performance under distracting conditions. Sport Psychologist, 32 (1). pp. 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0017 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  17. Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  18. Hollon, S. D., & Kendall, P. C. (1980). Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4(4), 383-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01178214 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  19. Hughes, J. S., Gourley, M. K., Madson, L., & Blanc, K. L. (2011). Stress and coping activity: Reframing negative thoughts. Teaching of Psychology, 38(1), 36-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628310390852 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  20. Jonason, P. K., Webster, G. D. & Lindsey, A. E. (2008). Solutions to problem of diminished social interaction. Evolutionary Psychology. 6(4), 637-651. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490800600410 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  21. Karagöz, Y. (2017a). SPSS 21 ve AMOS 23 uygulamalı istatistiksel analizler. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. [Google Scholar]
  22. Karagöz, Y. (2017b). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı nicel-nitel-karma bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği. İstanbul: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık [Google Scholar]
  23. Khodayarifard, M., Brinthaupt, T. M., Zardkhaneh, S. A., & Fard Azar, G. E. (2014). The psychometric properties of the Self-Talk Scale among Iranian university students. Psychology 5, 119–126. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.52019 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  24. Lee, S. W. (2011). Exploring seven‐ to eight‐year‐olds’ use of self‐talk strategies. Early Child Development and Care, 181(6), 847-856. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2010.494253 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  25. Morin, A. (2009a). Inner speech: A neglected phenomenon. retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alain_Morin/publication/281129837_Inner_speech_A_neglected_phenomenon/links/55d7df8a08aec156b9aa266a/Inner-speech-A-neglected-phenomenon.pdf. [Google Scholar]
  26. Morin, A. (2009b). Inner speech and consciousness. In W. Banks (ed.), Encyclopedia of Consciousness. Elsevier [Google Scholar]
  27. Morin, A., El-Sayed, E.. & Racy, F. (2015) Self-awareness, inner speech, and theory of mind typical and ASD indivduals: A critical review. In E. Sherwood (ed.) Theory of mind: Development in children, brain mechanisms and social implications (pp. 43-113). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  28. Morin, A. (2017). Toward a glossary of self-related terms. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00280 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  29. Morin, A. (2021). Implications of Mirror Self-Recognition for Self-Awareness. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000270 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  30. Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. [Google Scholar]
  31. Oliver, E. J., Markland, D., Hardy, J. & Petherick, C. M. (2008). The effects of autonomy-supportive versus controlling environments on self-talk. Motiv Emot., 32, 200-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9097-x [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  32. Racy, F. (2015). New directions in the controversial study of self-esteem: A review with suggestions for future research. Behavioural Sciences Undergraduate Journal, 2(1), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.29173/bsuj286 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  33. Reichl, C., Schneider, J. F., & Spinath, F. M. (2013). Relation of self-talk frequency to loneliness, need to belong, and health in German adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(2), 241-245. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  34. Ren, X., Wang, T., & Jarrold, C. (2016). Individual differences in frequency of inner speech: Differential relations with cognitive and non-cognitive factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1675. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01675 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  35. Reyes, Z. B. (2016). Self-talk and resilience: Impact of performance in undergraduates. (Unpublished master’s thesis, University of San Francisco State University) San Francisco, California. [Google Scholar]
  36. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Measures Package, 61. [Google Scholar]
  37. Schermelleh-Engel K. Moosbrugger, H. & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. [Google Scholar]
  38. Selzler, A. (2013). Relationships between self-talk characteristics, social cognitive constructs, and pulmonary rehabilitation outcomes. (Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton) Alberta, Canada. [Google Scholar]
  39. Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve Davranışsal Ölçümlerde Güvenirlik ve Geçerlilik. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. [Google Scholar]
  40. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson. [Google Scholar]
  41. Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and Language. (A. Kozulin, Ed.) London: The MIT Press. [Google Scholar]
  42. Yang, Y., & Green, S. B. (2011). Coefficient alpha: A reliability coefficient for the 21st century?. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29, 377-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282911406668 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  43. Winsler, A., Diaz, R. M., & Montero, I. (1997). The role of private speech in the transition from collaborative to independent task performance in young children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 12, 59-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2006(97)90043-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
Meta
Vol. 13 (4)
Download
Metric
History
Related

Volume 13 Issue 4

December 2022

All Manuscript

International Journal of Research in Teacher Education

Copyright © 2025 International Journal of Research in Teacher Education.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. CC BY
All elements of this website were created using the BOQ™ - Intelligent Webverse System.